Research data critique Essay - 738 Words

Research Data Critique Research Data Critique Conducting educational research includes the investigation, portrayal, clarification, or forecast of instructive sensation utilizing precise information gathering and dissection procedures. According to Aron, Aron N., and Coups (2013)†The statistical procedure for testing variation among the means of more than two groups is called the analysis of variance, abbreviated as ANOVA.â€Å" This is done through null-hypothesis significance testing, comparing the hypothesis that the means are different to the null-hypothesis that they are not. In this study the CEO of ABC manufacturing sought to understand the difference in pay for†¦show more content†¦I retrieved a great example of how to work the ANOVA steps from psychology world website. Hall (1998), â€Å" Formula SSwithin = SStotal - SSamong dfamong = r-1 dfwithin = N-r x = individual observation r = number of groups N = total number of observations (all groups) n = number of observations in group Now we put the raw data, according to group, in x1, x2, and x3, Calculate the sum for group 1., Calculate (Sx)2 for group 1., Calculate the mean for group 1, Calculate Sx2 for group 1., Repeat steps 2-5 for groups 2 and 3, Set up SStotal and SSamong formulas and calculate, Calculate SSwithin, Enter sums of squares into the ANOVA table, and complete the table by calculating: dfamong, dfwithin, MSamong, and MSwithin, and F, Check to see if F is statistically significant on probability table with appropriate degrees of freedom and p .05.† With the example steps of Hall’s websites I was able to formulate the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis. Determine if the null hypothesis should be rejected or retained based on the results. Our objective is to determine the significant differences between the three current salaries of ABC employees by job title. In our conclusion we dismiss the null hypothesis on the grounds that we are expressing that the sample statistic is sufficiently not theShow MoreRelatedNrs-433v Week 4 Benchmark - Research Critique Part 2709 Words   |  3 PagesNRS-433V Week 4 Benchmark - Research Critique Part 2 To purchase this tutorial visit here: http://mindsblow.us/question_des/NRS-433VWeek4Benchmark-ResearchCritiquePart2/2855 contact us at: help@mindblows.us NRS-433V Week 4 Benchmark - Research Critique Part 2 Prepare a critical analysis of a quantitative study focusing on protection of human participants, data collection, data management and analysis, problem statement, and interpretation of findings. The quantitative research article can be from yourRead MoreNur518 R7 Quantitative Article Analysis Worksheet Nc Essay1065 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿University of Phoenix Material Quantitative Article Analysis Worksheet Analyze and critique a quantitative nursing research article from a nursing research journal published within the past five years. Include 3 scholarly references—the article, the text, and one outside source. Use the Guidelines for Quantitative Nursing Research Critique to complete the following steps: 1. State the purpose of the study and identify the problem. Patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) often require enteralRead MoreCritique Steps (Understanding Quantitative Research)1258 Words   |  6 PagesOUTLINE OF BASIC CRITIQUE STEPS (understanding quantitative research): Brink and Wood (1994), and Burnes and Groves (1997), similarly describe the steps for quantitative nursing research process and methods. The authors include not only the basic steps to conduct nursing studies, but also translating the studies into articles for publication. According to Burnes Groves (1997), and Hamric and Spross (1992), the quantitative research method is used to describe or gain more information, test relationshipsRead MoreResearch Critique, Part 2: Critique of Quantitative Research Article1077 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: RESEARCH CRITIQUE, PART 2: CRITIQUE OF QUANTITATIVE Research Critique, Part 2: Critique of Quantitative Research Article Debra Benton Grand Canyon University Introduction to Nursing Research NRS 433V August 26, 2012 Research Critique, Part 2: Critique of Quantitative Research Article The population who are diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) often experience daytime drowsiness and are at risk for ischemic heart disease, arrhythmias, hypertension, and other vascularRead MoreCritical Analysis of the Article Transforming Workplace Relationships1134 Words   |  5 PagesAnalyze Critique State the purpose of the study and identify the problem. In the article, Macphee (2010) is studying the impact that leadership is having on a health care environment. This is designed to identify the best practices and help nurses to implement these concepts. The problem that is being studied is: how most facilities have their own policies and procedures (which will have an impact on quality). To determine the best practices, actuaries are focusing on what attributes can improveRead MoreThe Health Issue Of College Students965 Words   |  4 Pageswithin college have been know to sky rocket after transitioning out of high school, and moving forward as and adult. A critique of Berg, Ritschel, Swan, An, and Ahluwalia (2011) study, examines the correlation of hope in relations to alcohol use, binge drinking, smoking, exercise, and limiting of dietary fat among undergraduate college students. Critique of Research Problems, Research Questions, and Hypothesis The purpose of the study was to test the â€Å"hope in engaging in healthy behaviors among collegeRead MoreQuantitative Critique Essay1200 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH CRITIQUE 1 Quantitative Research Critique By Elisabeth Bryant A Paper Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for NU 533 Advanced Nursing Research University of South Alabama College of Nursing Spring 2011 QUANTITATIVE CRITIQUE 2 Quantitative Research Critique This is a critique of the quantitative research article titled Influence of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes on Gluconeogenesis and Glucose Output in Humans studied by Amelia GastaldelliRead MoreQualitative Research Critique II 2843 Words   |  4 PagesQUALITATIVE RESEARCH CRITIQUE II 1 Qualitative Research Critique II Vanda McCray Liberty University Qualitative Research Critique II 2 The authors of this article method of data collection was based on a five-focus group and three individual interviews on theRead MoreEssay on Research Critique Part 1659 Words   |  3 Pages Research Critique Part 1 Grand Canyon University Introduction to Nursing Research NRS-433V Mary OConnell September 5, 2013 Research Critique Part 1 This paper will critique a qualitative research study published in the Journal of Medical Ethics in 2004, By Dr Helen Aveyard, about how nurses manage patients who refuse nursing care procedures. The article explains how nurses view informed consent as not being essential to nursing care procedures. Problem Statement The clinical problemRead MoreResearch Critique Part 1736 Words   |  3 PagesResearch Critique Part 1 Jenna Franz Grand Canyon University Introduction to Nursing Research NRS-433V Mary OConnell September 5, 2013 Research Critique Part 1 This paper will critique a qualitative research study published in the Journal of Medical Ethics in 2004, By Dr Helen Aveyard, about how nurses manage patients who refuse nursing care procedures. The article explains how nurses view informed consent as not being essential to nursing care procedures. Problem Statement The clinical

Home Depot Data Breach - 2954 Words

Home Depot Data Breach Background on the 2014 Home Depot Data Breach Home depot was the target of a cyberattack on their information system infrastructure that lasted from April of 2014 to September of 2014. As a result of the attack and following data breach, 56 million credit-card accounts and 53 million email addresses were stolen. (â€Å"Home Depot Hackers Exposed 53 Million Email Addresses†) The cyberattack involved several steps. First, the attackers gained third party credentials allowing them into the system. Next they exploited an unknown weakness in the system that allowed for the attackers to elevate their own access privileges. Finally, they installed malware on Home Depot’s self-checkout systems in the U.S. and Canada, allowing†¦show more content†¦The costs that the company will incur can be broken down into six different categories: investigation and remediation, notification, identify theft and credit monitoring, disruptions in normal business operations, and lost business. Investigation costs involve those relat ed to examining how and why the data was compromised, and remediation costs relate to the costs incurred to set up safeguards. Home Depot’s pre-tax expense relating to investigation and remediation was $43 million in the third quarter of 2014 alone. Notification costs relate to notifying the relevant individuals, regulators, and media personnel. Simply mailing notification letters, at 49 cents per stamp, equates to a $27.44 million expense. Costs relating to identify theft and credit monitoring include the cost of identity theft protection for each of the victims. Assuming $10 per victim, this results in a $560 million cost for Home Depot. Disruptions to Home Depot’s normal business operations include the opportunity cost of the reduced investments in the company’s operations, as well as reduced time on standard business activities. This cost is estimated to be $20 per victim. Home Depot will likely lose business due to customers being scared away, and the relat ed cost is approximately $30 per victim. Finally, lawsuits relating to the data breach are expected to incur $3 billion in expenses for Home Depot. 44 suits have already surfaced since the cyberattack. (â€Å"Home Depot: WillShow MoreRelatedThe Home Depot Data Breach3056 Words   |  13 PagesThe Home Depot-Data Breach Abstract The Home Depot, the home improvement, construction products and services retailer got hit by hackers by compromising the millions of customer’s data. The data of credit cards and debit cards have been stolen by the hackers. However the breach occurred long time ago but went unrecognized. They suspected that this might be the same malware used during the Target’s data heist. Furthermore, the hackers injected the system with the malware which enters the system whichRead MoreCase Study : Home Depot Data Breach Essay1026 Words   |  5 Pages Case Study Summary on Home Depot Data Breach Introduction: The Home depot attack is a massive payment card breach that happened, resulted when hackers gained access to its network using a third party vendor’s login. Earlier to this, Target Data Breach is the largest retail breach in US history (2013) in which 40 million payment cards were stolen. Now Home Depot breach is the largest retail breach occurred in 2014, 56 million payment card information is stolen and 53 million Email were hackedRead MoreHome Depot Data Breach 2014 Case Study. 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These organizations need to take the extra steps and know where the customer data is at all times especially payment information. They need to keep track of how it is being accessed and howRead MoreCredit Card Fraud, An Integral Part Of The World s Economy1259 Words   |  6 Pagescard fraud, every week seems to bring news of one or the other data breach at U.S retailer. First it was Target, then Neiman-Marcus, followed by Michaels, and now the hotel company White Lodging, which manages hotel franchises for chains such as Marriott, Hilton, and Starwood. The latest to join the list is Home Depot, which is an American Retailer of home improvement and construction products and services. Home Depot is the largest home improvement retailer in the United States with revenue of aboutRead MoreThe Home Depot s Position1437 Words   |  6 PagesFinancial statements are the primary way that public companies communicate its financial activities and position of the business to management, investors and other users of financial information. The Home Depot (NYSE symbol: HD) of the world giant home improvement retailer, has a complex business model that is characterized by its business philosophy, â€Å"stack it high, watch it fly† which reflected a primary focus on sales growth in consumers and construction professionals. At the same time, the companyRead MorePayment Card Systems Were Breached1026 Words   |  5 Pages8th, 2014, Home Depot released a statement indicating that its payment card systems were breached. An investigation had started on September 2nd but they were still trying to discover the actual scope and impact of the breach. Home Depot was one of the many victims to a retail data breach in 2014. The unfortunate thing is the way the attacker’s infiltrated the POS networks and how the attackers were able to steal the payment card data, were the same methods used in the Target data breach. By ignoringRead MorePhysical Security Case Study743 Words   |  3 Pagesarticle is about physical security failure on securing electronic data. The burglary of credit card data has turned into a typical issue today. Indeed, even after the lessons gained from the Target information breach, Home Depots Point of Sale frameworks were traded off by similar strategies. The utilization of stolen information and RAM scraping malware were instrumental in the achievement of the two information breaks. Home Depot has found a way to recover from its information rupture, one of themRead MoreThe Common Forms Of Cyber Theft1358 Words   |  6 Pagessources. Many schoolers have defined the term of cybercrimes in general sense and narrow sense. The term cybercrime in a narrow sense is â€Å"Any illegal behavior directed by means of electronic operations that target the security of computer systems and the data processed by them† (Gercke, 2012). Also it has been defined in a broader sense as â€Å"illegal behavior committed by means of, or in relation to, a computer system or network, including such crimes as illegal possession and offering or distributing informationRead MoreSecurity Breach Challenging Customers Protection2215 Words   |  9 Pages Security Breach challenging customers protection INTRODUCTION: The technology has been developing very fast in this modern world leading us to have very sophisticated life .With new inventions and new technology ,people are performing their work or duties so easily sitting at home. In olden days we have to always carry minimum cash with us ,where ever we go and we are afraid in case of carrying a large amount of cash with us because of security. After Getting the credit card facility ,it has

The Trauma Radiography Procedure Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(154) " of the injury radiographer is to obtain high quality, diagnostic images on the first effort when the patient is unable to travel into the coveted place\." Trauma skiagraphy is one process contain in medical imagination. It is rather exciting or nerve-racking for radiographers. For certain radiographers maybe it is really nerve-racking because there are a batch of unexpected instances that required a batch of technique to use during plants in exigency room. We will write a custom essay sample on The Trauma Radiography Procedure Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now To guarantee that the injury skiagraphy is non nerve-racking the radiographer must ache and hold a batch of accomplishments plants in exigency room. First of all, I would to specify that the definition of injury is as sudden, unexpected, dramatic, forceful or violent actions. In United states the individuals which age around 34years old can take to decease when there are in trauma skiagraphy. This statistics excludes suicide and homicide-related decease. Trauma, homicide and self-destruction rank foremost, 2nd and 3rd severally as the taking causes of decease in individuals age 15-24 old ages. Emergency medical attention of 10 is difference between life and deceases when knowing or unitintentional injuires occur. Many types of installations provide exigency medical attention runing from major, metropolitan centres to little outpatients clinics in rural country. The term traumatic centres signifies a specific degree of exigency degree of exigency attention as defined by American Coll ege of Surgeons Commision on Trauma. Trauma centre are categorized into four degrees of attention. Level 1 is the most comprehensive and flat 4 is the most basic. A degree 1 is halfway normally a university based centre, research installation or big medical centre. It provide the most comprehensive exigency medical attention available with complete imaging capablenesss 24 hours a twenty-four hours. All types of forte doctors are available on sites 24 hours a twenty-four hours. Radiographers besides available for 24 hours a per twenty-four hours. A flat 2 centre likely has all of the same specialised attention available but differs in that it is non research or learning infirmary and some forte phcsicians may non be available for 24 hours. Level 3 possibly located in smaller community where degree 1 and 2 attention is non available. Level 3 besides possibly did n’t hold any forte but they are stand by to reassign patient to a larger injury centre. A degree 4 is halfway possibl y is non in infirmary at all but instead a clinic or outpatient setting.these installations normally provide attention for minor hurts every bit good as offer stabilisation and arrange for transportation of more serious hurts to a larger injury centre. The trauma incident that is normally happen that is including blunt, explosive, perforating and heat consequence in hurts. The illustrations of blunt injury that is motor vehicle accident ( MVA ) , which includes bikes incidents and hits with prosaic, falls and aggravated assault. The penetrating injury is includes gunshot lesions, stab lesions, impalent hurts and foreign organic structure consumption or aspiration. Explosive injury causes hurts by several mechanism including force per unit area daze moving ridge, high speed missile and Burnss. Nathan birnbaums possibly because by a figure of agents including of fire, steam and hot H2O, chemicals, electricity and cryopathy. Specialized Equipment Time is critical component in injury skiagraphy in salvaging the patients. To minimise the clip required to acquired diagnostic xray images many exigency room that is located an imaging equipment to guarantee the process can be done every bit speedy as possible. The injury radiogram besides must non to travel a batch the patient and required more maneuvering of the tubing and images receptor. Specialized injury equipment is design to supply for a greater flexcibility in xray tubing and Ir maneuvering. These equipment is to assist the patient and minimise the motion of the hurt patient while executing imaging process. Additionally the exigency room are equipped with specialised beds or stretchers that have movable tray to keep the IR. This moveble tray can let the used of nomadic radiographic unit and eliminates the demand and hazard of reassigning an injured patient to radiographic tabular array. Mobile skiagraphy is midely utilised in the exigency room.many patient will hold hurts t hat prohibit to reassign to a radiographic tabular array or their conditions possibly excessively critical to disrupt intervention. Trauma radiographers must be competent in managing nomadic radiographic units on about any portion of the organic structure and utilizes accoutrement devices needed to bring forth quality nomadic images. Mobile fluoroscopy units normally referred to as c-arm because of their forms are going more platitude in exigency room. C-arm are design to cut down fractured process, foreign organic structure localisation in limb and cut downing articulations disruptions. Positioning assistance are necessary in trauma skiagraphy. Spoges, sandbags and the originative used of tapes are frequently thee most utile radiographer tools. Most trauma patient is unable to keep the needed places as a consequence of strivings or impaired consciousness. Other patients can non be moved into proper places because to make so would worsen their hurt. Proper used of positioning assist ance is assist in speedy process to suit the patient conditions. Grids and IR holders are necessities since many projections required the used of a horizontal cardinal beam. Inspect grids routinely because harm grid will be frequently cause image artefact. Exposure Factor The of import that should be considers in taking images of trauma patient is gesture. The shortest possible exposure clip that can be set should be used in every process except when take a breathing technique is desired. Unconscious patient are unable to suspend respiration for the exposure. Conscious patient are normally in utmost hurting and unable to collaborate for the process. Radiographic exposure factor compensations possibly required when devising exposure through immobilisations devices like a spine board or backboard. Most trauma patient arrive at the infirmary with some type of immobilisations devices. Pathological factors besides should be see when puting proficient factors. For case internal hemorrhage in the abdominal pit would absorb a greater sum of radiation than a bowel obstructor. Positioning of the patient The primary challenge of the injury radiographer is to obtain high quality, diagnostic images on the first effort when the patient is unable to travel into the coveted place. You read "The Trauma Radiography Procedure Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Many methods are available to accommodate a everyday projection and obtain the coveted images of the anatomical portion. To minimise hazard of worsening the patient status, the xray tubing and IR should be place instead than the patient or the portion. For illustration place the the stretcher adjacent to the perpendicular bucky or unsloped tabular array every bit frequently as the patient status allows. This location enable accurate placement with minimum patient motion for cross-table sidelong images ( dorsal decubitus places ) on legion parts of the organic structure. Additionally the grid in the tabular array or perpendicular bucky is normally high ratio than those used for nomadic skiagraphy, so image contra st is improved. Another technique to to increase efficiency while minimising patient motion is to take all of the ap projections og the requested scrutinies, traveling superiorly to inferiorly. Then execute all of the sidelong projections of the requested scrutinies traveling inferiorly to superiorly. The method travel the xray tubing in the most expeditious mode. When taking radiogram to laocalize a perforating foreign object or slug, the entryway or issue lesions should be Markss with radiopaque marker that is seeable on all projections. Radiographer Role in Trauma Radiography The function of radiographer within the ER finally depends on the section protocol and staffing, every bit good as the extent of exigency attention provided by the installation. Regardless of the size of the installation the primary duties of radiographer in an exigency state of affairss include the followers ; Perform quality diagnostic imagination as requested. Practice ethical radiation protection Provide competent attention It is impossible to rank these duties because they occur simulataneously and all are critical to quality attention in Er. Diagnostic Imaging Procedure Producing a high quality diagnostic images is one of the more obviously functions of radiographer. A radiographer in the injury environment has the added duties to execute that undertaking expeditiously. Efficiency and productiveness are common and practicals ends for radiology section. Diagnostic imagination in ER is paramount to accurate timely and frequently life salvaging diagnosing. Radiation Protection in Trauma Radiography One of the most indispensable responsibilities and ethical duties of injury radiographer is radiation protection of the patient the members of the injury squad and ego. In extremely critical attention state of affairss members of the injury squad can non go forth the patient while imaging processs are being performed. The injury radiographer must guarantee the other squad members are protected from any unneeded radiation exposure. Common patterns should minimally include the undermentioned ; Close collimation to the anatomy of involvement to cut down spread Gonadal screening for the patients of child bearing age ( when making so does non interfere with the anatomy og involvement Lead aprons for all forces that remain in the room during the process Exposure factors that minimize patient dosage and spread radiation Announcement of hindering exposure to let unneeded forces to go out the room Considerations besides must be given to patients nearby stretchers. If there are less than 6 pess of the distance from the xray tubing, appropriate should be provided. Some of the greatest exposure to patient and medical forces are from fluoroscopic processs. If the c-arm fluoro unit is used in er particular safeguards should be topographic point to guarantee that exposure clip is kept minimal and all forces are have oning protective aprons. Patient Care As with all imagination processs trauma processs required a patient history. The patient may supply this, if he or she is witting or the attending doctor may inform you of the hurt and the patient position. If the patient witting, explicate what you are making in item and in term the patient can understand. Listen to the patient rate and mode of address which may supply penetration into his or her mental and emotional position. Make an oculus contact with the patient to supply comfort and reassurance. Keep in head that a trip to the ER is emotionally nerve-racking event, irrespective of the badness of hurt or unwellness. Radiographers are frequently responsible for the entire attention of the trauma patient while executing diagnostic imagination process. Therefore it is critical that radiographers invariably assess the patient conditions, acknowledge any mark of diminutions or hurt and study any alteration in the position of the patient conditions to the go toing doctor. The injury r adiographer must be good versed in taking critical mark and cognizing normal scopes, competent in cardiorespiratory resusicitation, disposal of O and covering with all types of medical exigencies. The radiographer must be prepared to execute these processs when covered by a standing physician order or section policy allows. Additionally the radiographers should be familiar with the location and content of the grownup and peadiatric clang carts and understand how to used suctioning devices. The familiar ABC air manner external respiration and basic support life technique must be invariably assessed during the radiographic process. Ocular review and verbal inquiring enables radiographer to find if the position of patient alterations during the process Common Injuries Happen Hypovolemic or hemorrhagic daze is medical status where there are abnormally low degree in blood plasma in the organic structure such that the organic structure is unable to decently keep blood force per unit area. Vasovagal reactions is besides called a vasovagal onslaught or situational faint. It is a physiological reaction of nonvoluntary nervous system or normal physiologic response to emotional emphasis. The patient may kick of sickness, flowers, experiencing lightheaded and loss consciousness for several seconds. Cerebrovascular accident is normally called a shot caused by thrombosis, intercalation or bleeding in the vas of the encephalon. Best Practice In Trauma Radiography Speed- injury radiographers must bring forth high quality images in shortest sum of clip. Celerity in executing a diagnostic scrutiny is excessively critical to salvaging the patient life. Many practical method that addition scrutiny efficiency without giving image quality. Accuracy – Injury radiographers must supply accurate images with a minimum sum of deformation and the maximal sum record item. Shortest and minimising the exposure clip and uncontrolled patient gesture. Quality – Quality does non hold to be sacrificed to bring forth an image rapidly. Make non fall into the trap of the patient status as an excuses for careless placement and accepting less than high quality images. Positioning – Careful safeguards must be taken to guarantee that public presentation of the imaging process does non worsen the patient hurts. The aureate regulation of two projections at he right angle from one another still applies. Equally frequently as possible, place the tubing and the IR instead than the patient, to obtain the coveted projections. Practice Standard Precaution – Exposure to the bloody and organic structure fluids should be expected in the injury skiagraphy. Wear baseball mitt, mask and the gown when appropriate. Place IR and sponges in nonporous plastic to protect from the organic structure fluids. Wash hands decently and maintain all equipment Is clean and ready to used. Immobilization- Never take any immobilisation device without doctors order. Supply proper immobilisation and support to increase patient comfort and minimise hazard of gesture. Expecting – Anticipating required particular projections or diagnostic processs for certain hurts makes the radiographer critical portion of the ER squad. For illustration patient necessitating surgery by and large required an xray of the thorax. Fracture of pelvic girdles frequently required cystogram to find the position of urinary vesica. Bing prepared to execute these scrutiny rapidly and understand the necessity of the extra images instill assurance in and creates an grasp for the function of the radiographer in exigency scene. Attention To Detail – Never leave a trauma patient or any patient unattend during imaging process. The patient status may alter at any clip and it is radiographer duty to observe these alterations and describe them instantly to go toing doctor. If you are unable to treat images while keeping oculus contact with your patient, call for the aid. Person must be with the injured patient all the clip. Attention To Department Protocol And Scope Of Practice – Know the section protocol and pattern merely within your competency and abilities. The range of pattern for radiographer varies from province to province and from state to state. Be certain to analyze and understand the range of your function in exigency scene. Do non supply or anything by oral cavity. Always ask the doctor before giving the patient anything to eat or imbibe no affair how relentless the patient may be. Professionalism- Ethical behavior and professionalism in all state of affairss and with every individual in demand of all wellness attention professional but the conditions encounter in the ER can be peculiarly complicated. PATIENT PREPARATIONS It is of import to retrieve that the patient has endured and emotionally distressing and straitening event in add-on to physical hurts he or she may hold sustained. If the patient is witting, speak calmly and look straight in the patient eyes while explicating the process that have been ordered. Make non presume that the patient can non or will react. Check the patient exhaustively for the point that might do an artefact on the images. Explaining what you are taking from the patient and why. Be assure to put all the removal personal effects particularly valuable in the proper container used by the installation or in the designated secure country. Every installation has process sing proper storage of patient personal belonging. Be certain to cognize the process and follow it carefully. How to cite The Trauma Radiography Procedure Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Studying Abroad

Question: Write a five-paragraph expository or narrative essay in which you discuss your own experiences with writing. When and where did you write? What languages did you write in? Who guided you and how did they do it? What kind of papers did you write, what was their length, and how much did you revise them? In your opinion, what is the value of writing in today's electronic society? Answer: Studying Abroad Education is one of the most important segments of every individuals life. Receiving proper education helps to succeed in life both financially and socially, in fact in the modern era it is a necessity just like food and water, without which leading a good, luxurious and a happy life will not be possible. Education is a process to gain knowledge and the more knowledge we receive, the more you grow and progress in life. In fact, in most of the countries in the world, education is a part of the fundamental rights stated in the countrys respective constitutions. The reason for making education a part of the fundamental rights is that an educated society is more prone to economic growth and brings changes in the social environment of a country, which will lead to social upliftment. However, the education of different countries is different in many ways (Stone Petrick, 2013). And, after receiving a basic primary education in ones homeland, it is an excellent opportunity to study abroad w hich I was lucky enough to achieve. I headed to the United States of America, for my master degree in Information Assurance at the Wilmington University in August 2015. Though my course was for a short span of time, I got enough time to understand the culture and the environment of a student life abroad. To begin with, living and studying abroad is any adventurous in itself, which teaches you many things in life beyond the course one is studying. A sense of responsibility along with independence and freedom is what studying abroad brings in every student. With the passing of each day, new lessons are learnt which helps the student be more open to diverse ideas, diverse cultures (Llanes Muoz, 2013). Living in a foreign country can teach you how differently a routine thing can be done in a different cultural environment. A student who has received education in a foreign country will have a better understanding of different cultures and ideas and will be more comfortable working with people of different cultures and back grounds compared to a student who has just learnt about different cultures from books and internet. Another benefit here is when students studies abroad, they express their cultural ideas to the locals in another country, which makes the student reflective about both his homeland culture along with learning a new culture. A student who has experienced life abroad will have a better and a broader perspective on life. Learning different customs both the local and regarding education of another country leads to different experiences, exposures and personal development in the student. Involvement and interactions with people of different race, colour and creed, help the student to be a better team-player and a more efficient problem-solver (Stroud, 2010). Another significant benefit of studying abroad is an opportunity to learn the local language of the concerned country in which the student studies. The best way to learn the language is to observe the locals and communicate in the local language with them. In my case, the Wilmington University offered a separate language program to students who were from different countries. I joined the same program, and as I improved my hold in the local language, I got my first job in America (Kinginger, 2011). The student visa in America allows part-time jobs while you are studying; therefore, I was selected for an ON-Campus placement as an assistance to a profession who was writing a book. My job was to research the material he needed to complete his book. As the book was related to the course I was pursuing, my academics helped me with the job and in benefited both financially as well as academically through this job. Although working while studying can be quite hectic, it teaches a student the importance of time management when a student balanced between studying and working. However, my academic goal was to excel in my master degree, and my first job just helped my get closer to that goal as while researching for the professor who I assisted, my knowledge increased immensely along with the guidance of the professor which made me a better student with increased grades (Cottrell, 2011). However, my personal experience in studying abroad tells that different educational systems have different ways of training the students. It is for the student to overcome the diversity which studying abroad brings with it and to adapt and observe the different culture, language and ideas of the new country to help the student grow in every aspect of life, learn new languages and have a broad outlook of the world (Pedersen, 2015). Reference List Cottrell, S. (2011).Critical thinking skills: Developing effective analysis and argument. Palgrave Macmillan. Kinginger, C. (2011). Enhancing language learning in study abroad.Annual review of applied linguistics,31, 58-73. Llanes, ., Muoz, C. (2013). Age effects in a study abroad context: Children and adults studying abroad and at home.Language Learning,63(1), 63-90. Pedersen, P. B., Lonner, W. J., Draguns, J. G., Trimble, J. E., Scharron-del Rio, M. R. (2015).Counseling across cultures. Sage Publications. Stone, M. J., Petrick, J. F. (2013). The educational benefits of travel experiences a literature review.Journal of Travel Research,52(6), 731-744. Stroud, A. H. (2010). Who plans (not) to study abroad? An examination of US student intent.Journal of Studies in International Education.

The Diuretic Activity of Fresh Balloonvine Leaves free essay sample

This study was conducted to know the diuretic activity of the extract of the balloonvine (Cardiospermum halicacabum L. ) leaves. In this study, three groups were used. These includes the positive control group (furosemide 20mg/2ml), experimental group (balloonvine leaves extract), and the control group (water treated). The fresh leaves of balloonvine were extracted by pounding the leaves and then squeezed using a clean cloth. The mice were also weighed to determine the allowable dosage according to its weight. After the preparation of the groups, 3 trials were conducted. In the first trial, furosemide (positive control) has the most volume of urine, followed by the balloonvine leaves extract (experimental group) and the control group, which is the water treated has the least volume of urine. The next two trials have the same results as of trial 1. This means that furosemide is still the best diuretic drug but balloonvine leaves extract can also be used as a substitute since it has excreted more volume of urine than of the water treated group (control group) but not as good as the furosemide do. We will write a custom essay sample on The Diuretic Activity of Fresh Balloonvine Leaves or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The researchers recommend further studies using other parts of the plant and using higher concentration to prove whether balloonvine can be more effective if used in higher dosage and to have more investigation of the plant. Acknowledgment The researchers would like to express their sincere gratitude to those who helped them finished this project. Their parents for the financial support, moral support and understanding. They contributed a lot to finish this project. Mrs. Sharon Meriales for the advices and the help se extended to the group. The Jhing2 printing press for the printing and discounts. In this natural world, lots of efforts were made by the people to achieve a better quality of life and for man’s survival. A lot of people were making alternatives and medicine for the health of the mankind. Plants are commonly used by people to cure many diseases for many years. Nowadays, medicines are very expensive and because of that, the less fortunate ones cannot afford to buy some. Because of that, they can use herbal medicines as an alternative drug. God provided many herbal plants all over the world and Philippines is of no exception. As a matter of fact, Philippines is blessed with many plants that can be use as a treatment for many diseases. Cardiospermum halicabum linn. of family Sapindaceae is also known as balloonvine, heartpea, Love-in-a Puff, Parol-parolan, Lobo-lobohan, Maria-maria, Otot-otot and etc. Balloonvine is found throughout the Philippines in waste places, roadsides, fields and other grassy areas. It is a more or less hairy vine, one to three meters in length. The leaves are trifoliate and five to nine centimeters long. The flowers are small, white and about 2. 5 millimeters long. They contain round black seeds, each with a white heart-shaped spot at the base, hence the name Cardiospemum, cardio for the heart and spermum for seed. Balloonvine, is a woody vine native to Tropical America. The small white flowers bloom from summer through the fall. Flowers are not very showy. The fruit of this plant can also be eaten when it is already yellow orange in color. (http://www. plantoftheweek. org/week256. shtml) The ballonvine plant yields saponins, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, proanthocyanidin, apigenin, phytosterols, glycosides, and cardiac glycosides. There are health benefits from balloonvine. It is considered antiphlogistic, analgesic, anti-inflammator, anti-infectious, emetic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, laxative, stomachic and sudorific. Since the plant has many uses, the researchers come up with the idea to test the diuretic activity of the extract of the balloonvine leaves as a substitute to synthetic diuretic drugs. As what have the group discussed that this study may give us more knowledge on this certain balloonvine plant. Statement of the Problem The study was conducted to test the diuretic ability of balloonvine leaves. Distinctively, it addressed to the following questions: 1. What is the amount of the collected urine among the different set-up? a. Experimental group b. Positive control group c. Negative control group 2. Is there any significant difference in the efficiency of balloonvine to the commercialize (i. e. furosemide) products as a diuretic drug? 3. Objectives 1. To test whether the balloonvine leaves can really act as a diuretic drug. 2. To know if there is any significant difference in the efficiency of balloonvine to the commercialize products as a diuretic drug. This study dealt with the diuretic activity of the balloonvine leaves extract. It refers to the hypothesis: HO1: There is no significant difference on the effectiveness of the commercial drug and the fresh balloonvine leaves extract. Significance of the Study: This study generally aims to contribute to the popularization of plants as sources of remedies for man and animals. Nowadays, time seems to move faster, the economy are soaring high thus the drugs are becoming more expensive. Hence, the unfortunate ones can use herbal plant like balloonvine as a substitute to synthetic diuretic drugs. Balloonvine is accessible to all since it grows commonly in roadsides. Using this plant, we could also create herbal products that could help individuals in their illness without buying expensive medicines. Scope and Limitations This study was limited only to the determination of the diuretic activity of the fresh balloonvine leaves extract. The positive control used was commercial drug (furosemide) and the negative control was the mice that were just treated with water. Chapter II Review of Related Literature Balloonvine Cardiospermum halicacabum linn or balloonvine are fast growing to 10 feet (3 m) with twice 3-parted leaves that will reach 4 inches (10 cm) long. The plants climb with tendrils and need some form of support. The fruit from which the plant gets its common name is a brown, thin-shelled, inflated angled capsule up to 1 1/8 inch (3 cm) in diameter containing 3 black seeds each, with a white heart-shaped scar. (http://www. plantoftheweek. org/week256. shtml). Balloonvine,  also called Heart-pea, or Heart-seed, (species Cardiospermum halicacabum), woody perennial vine in the soapberry family (Sapindaceae). It is naturalized and cultivated widely as an ornamental for its white flowers and its nearly globular inflated fruits, which are about 2. 5 cm (1 inch) across. The seeds are black with a heart-shaped white spot. (http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/50726/balloon-vine). This vine is densely growing and can climb up to 8 m high in the canopy. The main mode of climbing is via extensive tendrils, which twirl around supporting structure and other plants. (http://www. dpi. qld. gov. au/4790_7120. htm) The balloonvine has a light green leaves are compound with three sets of three leaflets which are thin and softly hairy. http://www. plantoftheweek. org/week256. shtml) The flowers are produced from summer to winter. The capsules can be carried by wind and float freely on water. It also regrows from root fragments. It grows rapidly on top of trees, forms a thick curtain of stems, and excludes light, harbors pests and diseases. The weight of balloonvine contributes to canopy collapse and ecosystem destruction. (http:www. weedsbluemountains. org. au/balloon_vine. asp) . The oil of this plant is also used in creams and soap. It is an active ingredient in creams, lotion and soap. It is also used as a cure for dermatitis, eczema, and psoriasis. A decoction of roots of balloonvine is regarded as diaphoretic. It is also indicated that balloonvine contains: saponin, tannin, calcium oxalate in leaves and tannins, calcium oxalate and sulfur in stem. (http:www. suite101. com/content/cardiospermum-halicacabum-a187594). The plant also contains chemicals that can be used as laxative, emmenagogue, analgesic and many more. It also contains saponins, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, proanthocyanidin, apigenin and phytosterols. It may contain chemicals that can be used as a diuretic. http:www. weedsbluemountains. org. au/balloon_vine. asp) The medical uses of the plant are widely used in Thailand. Its Thai name is Khok Kra Om. The leaf is antiasthmatic. Leaf juice can be a cough remedy. Its stem is antipyretic. The Flower or leaf juice of this plant increases menstrual discharge. The whole plant is antiasthmatic; treatment of arthritis Balloon vines leaf extract possesses hypotensive and anti-inflammatory properties.

Ancient Mayan Architecture - Temples and Palaces

Ancient Mayan Architecture - Temples and Palaces The Maya were an advanced society that flourished in Mesoamerica long before the arrival of the Spanish in the sixteenth century. They were skilled architects, building great cities of stone that remain even a thousand years after their civilization fell into decline. The Maya built pyramids, temples, palaces, walls, residences and more. They often decorated their buildings with intricate stone carvings, stucco statues, and paint. Today, Maya architecture is important, as it is one of the few aspects of Maya life that is still available for study. Maya City-States Unlike the Aztecs in Mexico or the Inca in Peru, the Maya were never a unified empire ruled by a single ruler from a single place. Rather, they were a series of smaller city-states who ruled the immediate vicinity but had little to do with other cities if they were far enough away. These city-states traded with and warred upon one another frequently, so cultural exchange, including architecture, was common. Some of the more important Maya city-states were Tikal, Dos Pilas, Calakmul, Caracol, Copn, Quirigu, Palenque, Chichà ©n Itz and Uxmal (there were many others). Although every Maya city is different, they tended to share certain characteristics, such as general layout.​ Layout of Maya Cities Maya tended to lay their cities out in plaza groups: clusters of buildings around a central plaza. This was true of the impressive buildings in the city center (temples, palaces, etc) as well as smaller residential areas. These plazas are rarely neat and orderly and to some, it may seem as if the Maya built anywhere they pleased. This is because they Maya built on the irregularly-shaped higher ground to avoid floods and dampness associated with their tropical forest home. In the center of the cities were the important public buildings such as temples, palaces, and the ball court. Residential areas radiated out from the city center, growing sparser the further they got from the center. Raised stone walkways linked the residential areas with each other and the center. Later Maya cities were built on higher hills for defense and had high walls surrounding most of the city or at least the centers. Maya Homes The Maya kings lived in stone palaces in the city center near the temples, but the common Maya lived in small houses outside the city center. Like the city center, the homes tended to be bunched together in clusters: some researchers believe that extended families lived together in one area. Their modest homes are thought to be much like the homes of their descendants in the region today: simple structures constructed mostly of wooden poles and thatch. The Maya tended to build up a mound or base and then build upon it: as the wood and thatch wore away or rotted they would tear it down and build again on the same foundation. Because the common Maya were often forced to build on lower ground than the palaces and temples in the city center, many of these mounds have been lost to flooding or encroaching wilderness. The City Center The Maya built great temples, palaces, and pyramids in their city centers. These were often mighty stone structures, over which wooden buildings and thatched roofs were often built. The city center was the physical and spiritual heart of the city. Important rituals were done there, in the temples, palaces, and ball courts. Maya Temples Like many Maya buildings, Maya temples were built of stone, with platforms on the top where wooden and thatch structures could be built. Temples tended to be pyramids, with steep stone steps leading to the top, where important ceremonies and sacrifices took place. Many temples are graced by elaborate stone carvings and glyphs. The most magnificent example is the famous Hieroglyphic Stairway at Copn. Temples were often built with astronomy in mind: certain temples are aligned to the movements of Venus, the sun or the moon. In the Lost World Complex at Tikal, for example, there is a pyramid which faces three other temples. If youre standing on the pyramid, the other temples are aligned with the rising sun on equinoxes and solstices. Important rituals took place at these times. Maya Palaces The Palaces were large, multi-storied buildings which were home to the king and royal family. They tended to be made of stone with wooden structures on top. Roofs were made of thatch. Some Maya palaces are spacious, including courtyards, different structures that were possibly homes, patios, towers, etc. The palace at Palenque is a good example. Some of the palaces are quite large, leading researchers to suspect that they also acted as a sort of administrative center, where Maya bureaucrats regulated tribute, trade, agriculture, etc. This was also the place where the king and noblemen would interact not only with the common people but also with diplomatic visitors. Feasts, dances, and other community social events could also have taken place there. Ball Courts The ceremonial ball game was an important part of Maya life. Common and noble people alike played for fun and recreation, but some games had important religious and spiritual significance. Sometimes, after important battles in which important prisoners were taken (such as enemy noblemen or even their Ahau, or King) these prisoners would be forced to play a game against the victors. The game represented a re-enactment of the battle, and afterward, the losers (which were naturally the enemy nobles and soldiers) were ceremonially executed. Ball courts, which were rectangular with sloped walls on either side, were prominently placed in Maya cities. Some of the more important cities had several courts. Ball courts were sometimes used for other ceremonies and events. Surviving Maya Architecture Although they were not on a par with the legendary Inca stonemasons of the Andes, Maya architects built structures which have withstood centuries of abuse. Mighty temples and palaces at places like Palenque, Tikal, and Chichen Itza survived centuries of abandonment, followed by excavation and now thousands of tourists walking and climbing all over them. Before they were protected, many ruin sites were scavenged by locals looking for stones for their homes, churches or businesses. That the Maya structures have survived so well is a testament to the skill of their builders. The Maya temples and palaces that have withstood the test of time often contain stone carvings depicting battles, wars, kings, dynastic successions and more. The Maya were literate and had a written language and books, of which only a few survive. The carved glyphs on temples and palaces are therefore important because there is so little remaining of the original Maya culture. Source McKillop, Heather. The Ancient Maya: New Perspectives. New York: Norton, 2004.

Methods used by Transportation Safety Administration Term Paper

Methods used by Transportation Safety Administration - Term Paper Example The body ensures that the nation’s transport systems are secure through use of sophisticated technologies like bottled liquid scanner, Biometrics, Credential Authentication Technology, explosive trace detection explosive detection system and threat image projection. Secure Flight Plan is another security measure by TSA where airline passengers’ information is compared to that in the governments watch list. In order to prove the effectiveness and ineffectiveness of these programs, TSA carried out a basic training program, which revealed that a good number of these technologies are efficient, though a few are ineffectual. Explosive Detection System is one of the programs introduced by TSA to ensure security in air travel. EDS is used to screen bags in order to detect any explosive. Using the Explosive Detective machine the system can capture the image of a bag that contains an item that is a potential threat. If more screening is needed for such a bag, it is directed to the resolution room where the bag is thoroughly inspected by the security officers before it is redirected to the system (TSA, 2014). If cleared, the bag is directed to the aircraft. However, if the officers are not able to detect the alarm they can call upon the bomb squad. When this screening is used together with baggage system that is automated, there is improved security and increased efficiency. Explosive Detective System is effective for identifying threat items, which should be subjected to further screening without the screener interpreting the message. Although, the screeners who are able to interpret EDS should be cautious not to trigger the explosion when the luggage is taken for further screening Explosive Trace Detection is the second program in TSA’s list of technologies for combating insecurity. This technology is used to screen passengers and their baggage to detect if there are any traces of explosives. In this

4 Discussions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

4 Discussions - Essay Example The women were also allowed to read books, but they were restricted to read some books and avoid others. According to the ‘cult of domesticity’, women were given ‘separate but equal’ status. Like men, they were assigned some tasks to perform, but they were of different nature. Women were not allowed to choose their life partners and after their marriage, their lives were designed as per their family needs. Marriages meant chained status for women (Zinn). The cult of domesticity introduced women to their equal status in society that was quite different, but in fact, in this manner women became aware of their subordinate status in the society. They were not allowed to vote and to possess property. In addition, if they were required to work outside their homes, they received one fourth of the wages that men obtained. They were also restricted not to join certain professions such as law and medicine. Therefore, cult of domesticity was not a way of pacifying her with a doctrine of separate but equal, but to inform her about her restrictions and limitations according to which, she should lead her life. She was expected to lead her life as per the proper codes of conduct designed for her. She enjoyed little or no liberty and was to remain passive and submissive to patriarchal system of the society. For becoming a perfect woman, she was to acquire the qualities of submissiveness and domesticity (Zinn). The role of wife and mother in America as well as in other parts of the world still undergoes certain restrictions because there are certain norms and standards, according to which, a wife and a mother are required to act. Male members of out society have always kept certain expectations with women and their roles in the society. A woman is not accepted with everything, as she is required to bring changes in her personality

The current situations that's facing Russia Research Paper

The current situations that's facing Russia - Research Paper Example As the nature of topic involves the description of current scenario of the Russian federation, so the overview will be provided discussing all the social, political and environmental factors. The Russian Federation is divided into 46 provinces, 4 autonomous okrugs, 21 republics, 9 krays, 2 federal cities, and 1 autonomous oblast. Since 7th May 2012, President Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN serves as the head of the state, while the government is administered by Dmitriy Anatolyevich Medvedev. The recent political developments in the country include its relations with the United States. The U.S. Congress has already ascertained to ordain new penalties to be imposed on Russian businesses and officials as a quid-pro-quo for annulling a Cold War-era prohibition on conventional trading associations with Moscow. Few of the people in the Obama administration have proposed the discouraging alternative of developing a â€Å"democracy fund† to channelize U.S. money to the pressure groups that pose a threat to the Russian administration. Russia has been labeled by Mitt Romney as a geopolitical foe, so he has offered to disassemble the reset upon being elected. It raises a concern that regardless who wins in the U.S elections, the Russian-U.S. relations are leading towards a more challenging posture (Rojansky & Gvosdev). Mrs. Clinton while attending the yearly Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit meeting in Vladivostokhere, on behalf of President Obama welcomed Russian access to the World Trade Organization in August. Moreover it was recommended that the American government should now normalize its trade relations so that the U.S owned businesses can harvest the benefits received from the Russia’s membership that include lower tariffs for United States products. The attempt to concede Russia conventional trade status, still, has turned embroiled in legislation that would penalize Russian officials charged of perverting human rights, refusing them visas and suspending their assets. That has aroused doubts that any arrangement on annulling the Jackson-Vanik provisions can be accomplished before the United States presidential elections (Myers, and Herszenhorn). Russia has recently demanded the U.S to cease its support to groups favoring the institution of democracy within the country (Hersze nhorn and Barry). Russia has experienced significant alters since the break down of the Soviet Union, proceeding from a centrally planned, globally-isolated economy to a more global and market-based economy. Russian industry is principally fragmented between worldwide competitive commodity producers. In 2011, it became leading oil producer of the world, passing by Saudi Arabia. It is the world second largest natural gas producer and bears the world's largest reserves of natural gas, the second-largest of coal, and the eighth-largest reserves of crude oil. It is the 3rd largest exporter of primary aluminum and steel. The Russian economy is also facing various challenges. As reported by the World Bank, Russia is reverberating from the worldwide recession more tardily than other developing nations in spite of high oil prices. Various factors that are contributing to the weakening of the Russian

A History Of Indian Tourism

A History Of Indian Tourism There are a number of industries that play a pivotal role in the development of nations. Tourism being one such industry that has emerged as the largest global industry in the 20th century and is projected to grow even faster during the current century. Tourism when taken in its true sense has following characteristics; Resource based industry and consumes resources Creates waste Specific infrastructure needs All the characters are linked to the social fabric of the host community. It has social, cultural and environmental impacts with a possibility of over consumption. The conceptual structure of the project aims to investigate the problems and advantages of home stay tourism in Kerala, from an owners perspective. In this section the researcher attempts to explore the areas such as; History of Indian tourism Background of Kerala Definition of tourism Sustainable tourism Community based tourism Homestay tourism Tourist motivation Tourist satisfaction Relevant research History of Indian Tourism India is a centre of two ancient civilizations of the world called the Indus valley civilization, and the Aryan civilization. Tourism development in India started in the early sixties. By that time most of the other countries have achieved a remarkable progress in this area and has exploited to maximum possible extent. The best way to introduce India as a tourist destination to foreigners is that India is a country of all seasons and all reasons. Indias tourism resources have always been considered immense. The geographical features are diverse, colorful and varied. As such the resource potential is so much that it can cater to all kinds and tastes of tourists. India has an ancient tradition of tourism. It existed as an industry in the informal sector in ancient times and was indulged in by all classes of people. Mark Twain aptly remarked about India on India [National Tourism Policy 2002] that India is one country that is endowed with an imperishable interest for alien prince and alien peasant, for the lettered and the ignorant, the wise and the fool, the rich and the poor, the bonded and the free one land that all men desire to see and once seen, by even a glimpse, would not give the glimpse for all the shows of all the rest of the globe combined. The unity of India lies in its diversity people bound together by centuries of common traditions, faith and philosophy [Pran Nath, Sushma 1993]. Indian tourism industry has recorded a phenomenal growth especially from 1990s in terms of both international and domestic tourists arrivals [Honnappa, Ramakrishna 2006]. The ministry of Indian tourism has launched a new programme called Athithi Devo Bhavah which means guest is god. The inspiration behind this expression is to respect because; respect has always been an essential part of Indian soul. Tourism, which is the third largest foreign exchange earner in India, has started gaining prominence to the public agenda only in recent years. Many countries in the world are relying on tourism as one of the fastest growing sectors. In the Chief Ministers conference held on October 2001 [National Tourism Policy 2002] the Prime Minister of India, Shri. Atal Bihari Vajpayee had stated that Tourism is a major phenomenon of economic growth in major parts of the world. Many countries have transformed their economies using the tourism potential the fullestà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦tourism has the potential to create different types of employment in various sectors from the most specialized to the unskilled and what India needs is the generation of massive productive employment opportunities . Tourism in India has a strong relevance to economic development and employment generation. It creates huge employment opportunities, provides equitable distribution of wealth, helps to acquire the much needed foreign exchange, brings out a speedy development and improvement of infrastructural facilities. Developing countries have given a special importance for the development of tourism, for it is the main source of earning foreign exchange, thereby the economic status of the country goes up [Honnappa, Ramakrishna 2006]. Tourism is one of the few industries which generates high levels of economic output, with minimum investments and has immense socioeconomic development potential. Indian tourism industry has recorded a phenomenal growth particularly from 1990s [Sathyanarayana, Ramu 2006] in terms of both international and domestic visitor arrivals. A noticeable change in the holidaying trend was reported both the international and domestic tourists showed an inclination towards adventure sports. India is slowly but surely awakening to its tourism potential. The outcome of many studies hat has been done about tourism states that India is best suited for all kinds of tourism rural, cultural, eco-tourism, spiritual, sports and adventure tourism. With small countries like Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand are all ready major tourist destinations; India has to struggle to promote itself to the world tourists [Revathy 2008]. Background of Kerala Kerala, one of the smallest states lies in the southern coast of India, is one of the leading proponents of tourism in various sectors. Kerala has a vast and vibrant arena, where drama unfolds in the form of spell bounding heritage cites station, un -spoilt beaches, picturesque hill, roaring water falls, old temple towns, exotic wild life, bustling cities, surrounded with back waters, varied adventure sports and a vibrant way of life. Kerala is one of Indias most advanced societies with nearly full literate people and excellent quality of life. The people of Kerala are more sensitive than people elsewhere because of high literacy rate [Kumar, Sudheer 2007]. On its way to becoming south, Kerala is one of the states that attract a large number of tourists in South India. In order to tap the tourist potential of so much history and such a variety of natural endowments, the Kerala government is taking a number of steps to improve the states infrastructures like air, road and rail links. The state is evolving new strategies, creating dynamic blue prints and ensuring meticulous execution will make sure that the state will emerge on top. Developing world class tourism products needs enhancing infrastructure, stream lining administration, strategic alliance and marketing will ensure that tourism bring sustainable growth and prosperity to Kerala also known as Gods on Country [Honnappa, Ramakrishna 2006]. Kerala provides an ample opportunity for home stay and rural tourism. In this research work, this aspect of Kerala is trying to be explored. In addition to this, the fact that Kerala has remained and still continues to be one of the most favorite sites for tourists will also be highlighted (Thomas, K.W. (1992), pp.651-717). The landscape and the scenic beauty of Kerala are such that the tourists enjoy coming in India and exploring the various parts of Kerala (Sunderland, S., Nelson, R. (1995), pp. 53-74). In addition, it was also seen that in the recent times, the sector of rural tourism is also increasing manifold (Thomas, K.W. (1992), pp.651-717). Thus, though this research work, the concept of rural tourism will also be highlighted. This introduction highlights the fact that rural tourism is relevant in developing nations where there is enough of land cape and scenic beauty to give the feel of the rural life (Thomas, K.W. (1992), pp.651-717). Today, for rural tourism, a village ca n prove to be an important site for tourist attraction. Any unbridled and indiscriminate growth of tourism leading to the problems of pollution, environmental and economic hazards and culture degradation will definitely be opposed by the highly sensitive host population of Kerala. The various negative factors of tourism will have far reaching consequences upon the people of Kerala besides making impact upon the tourists visiting the state. Definition of Tourism Tourism has been defined as the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside of their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes [WTO 1998]. There are different words and meanings for tourism such as Domestic Tourism: that involves residents of the given country travelling only within the country. Inbound Tourism:- involves residents travelling in the given country. Outbound Tourism: means residents travelling in another country. International Tourism:- consists of inbound and outbound tourism [WTO 1998]. Sustainable Tourism There is no widely accepted definition of sustainable tourism. It could, of course, be suggested that sustainable tourism should simply be about applying the Brundtland Report definition of sustainability to tourism. This could lead to a definition such as: Forms of tourism which meet the needs of tourists, the tourism industry, and host communities today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. There is another definition of sustainable tourism emphasizes the environmental, social and economic elements of the tourism system. This definition means tourism which is economically viable, but does not destroy the resources on which the future of tourism will depend, notably the physical environment and the social fabric of the host community [Swarbrooke 1999]. Sustainable tourism is the tourism development that protects important ecological and biological qualities and the process results in increased economic opportunity for local residents and involves them in decision- making, and respects the integrity of cultural norms and traditions. Sustainable tourism development is based on the objective that it meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunities for the future. It is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life support system [Ashraf, Fazili 2004]. For the development of tourism, the department has decided to develop policies, strategies and plans for sustainable tourism. The tourism plan or policy is a gambling that will definitely have winners or losers that make the public sector tourism policy a political issue. Tourism has powerful vested interests that will seek to influence the political process such as transport operators and hoteliers. Such kind of groups may also oppose measures to make tourism more sustainable. Rather than giving importance to the merits of tourism view point, the government and local communities are taking the tourism decisions for political reasons [Swarbrooke 1999]. The concept of sustainability clearly embraces the environment, people and economic systems. Therefore sustainable tourism is based on; social progress reflecting the needs for everyone, effective protection of environment, prudent use of natural resources, maintenance of high and stable levels of economic growth and employment. According to Swarbrooke 1999, there are number of obstacles that will limit the role of the public sector in tourism, planning and development. They are; Tourism is only a low priority for the public sector and there seems to be a lack of political will to develop sustainable tourism. The concept of public sector planning and regulation are out of fashion Many public sector bodies lack the financial resources required to play a major role in tourism planning and development. There is lack of staff expertise in tourism in most public sector organizations around the world. The series of election affects the willingness of politicians to make the kind of long term decisions on which sustainable tourism depends. Public sector is only a minor player in the tourism industry with least control over tourism products. Sustainable tourism is lead by motives like spirit of enquiry, love of beauty, search for knowledge and respect for nature. It aims at quality tourism which creates least damage to the natural, social and cultural environment. The sustainable tourism hinges upon the overall management as a viable method in sustainable tourist activities. The overall quality approach renders the management of products especially of tourist areas, extremely sensitive to the preferences and expectations of consumers. The private and public profitability of a tourist destination will depend on the client sanitation, since they will return more often and stay longer and will transmit a positive image of their holiday experience to others. However, as these preferences and expectations include the demand for unspoilt settings and consumer satisfaction, the profitability of a tourist spot, will call for the development of strategies for sustainable development [Honnappa, Ramakrishna 2006] Community Based Tourism Tourism can bring both benefits and problems to an area. If well planned, developed and managed, tourism generates local jobs and income and provides opportunities for local entrepreneurs to establish tourism enterprises that lead to improve the living standards of residents [WTO 1998]. Community based tourism includes a range of activities, services and amenities provided by the rural people to attract tourist to their area in order to generate extra income. It is often considered ideal and inherently sustainable as it attracts manageable number of visitors, does not need much infrastructural development , does not consume too much of already scarce resources, does not require high amount of skill base, and provides a source of income to locals besides preserving the local culture and its traditions. One of the main attractions of CBT is the highly personal interactions between the host and the guest where both parties can share knowledge, ideas and experience and as a consequence increase the earnings of local community with minimal investments. Events like, a night out with the locals at their homes, participation in the lesser known village religious or cultural events, an opportunity to participate in local activities like agriculture, fishing or even living with locals and sharing their food, their lives and their occupation could provided the much needed fillip for community based tourism [Mello 2008]. Tourism can bring both benefits and problems to the local society and its cultural patterns. Although more difficult to measure than economic or environmental impacts, socio -cultural impacts are major considerations in developing tourism in any place. These impacts can be especially critical in countries that still have strongly traditional economies and societies. Despite the fact that tourism can generate socio -cultural impacts, it is obvious that any kind of new development brings changes. Tourism is one of the important sources that can bring changes in a society. A well planned, developed and managed tourism in a socially responsible manner can bring some kinds of socio -cultural benefits such as Improves the living standards of people and helps pay for improvements to community facilities and services, if the economic benefits of tourism are well distributed. Conserves the cultural heritage of an area which otherwise might be lost as a result of general development taking place. Conservation of archeological and historic sites was referred to under environmental impacts. In some places tourism can be the impetus for revitalizing cultural patterns which might be disappearing. Reinforces or even renews a sense of pride of residents I their culture, when they observe tourists appreciating it. Helps develop and maintain museums, theatres and other cultural facilities supported by tourism but the residents can also enjoy it. Tourism provides an opportunity for cross culture exchange between tourists and residents who learn about, and come to respect one anothers culture. This exchange can be best be achieved through certain forms of tourism educational and other types of special interest tours, village tourism and home visit programmes whereby tourist can arrange to visit local families. Homestay Tourism It was noted that these days, the craze for home stay tourism is increasing. This is because now people have less time an in that less time they want to experience all that they can of the culture of the people. Home stay is one of the most recent opportunities for tourism business owners to lure the customers and at the same time maximize profit (Sunderland, S., Nelson, R. (1995), pp. 53-74). In this tourism, the host or the business owner allows the tourist to stay at their own houses or at specially designed huts such that they get first -hand information about the culture, and place they are visiting (Sunderland, S., Nelson, R. (1995), pp. 53-74).3-74). These Homestay businesses are running on a small scale by families allowing tourists to stay with them and to enjoy the food, lodging and other requirements. In lieu to these services, the person will give the household a fixed amount of money that fixed earlier. In this way both the person and the visitor also benefitted (Sunderl and, S., Nelson, R. (1995), pp. 53-74). There are cases in Kerala where traditional huts are also constructed so that the tourists and come and stay with the people to have the feel of life in the rural society (Thomas, K.W. (1992), pp.651-717). This led to the evolution of the home stay system as they get a chance to interact with the local people and host and gain first -hand experience about the place (Sunderland, S., Nelson, R. (1995), pp. 53-74). Home stay tourism is also a variant of ecotourism and primarily ensures in focusing that the tourists to give an experience of the rural lifestyle (Sunderland, S., Nelson, R. (1995), pp. 53-74). However, Kerala faces many social and economic problems in this. The culture of the host and the guest meet and so there are changes of hurting the sentiments of one another (Sunderland, S., Nelson, R. (1995), pp. 53-74). In addition, there are sometimes cases when the guest is not satisfied at the service given in that host (Hofstede, G. (2001), pp. 34-45). As the sceneries and sceni c beauty and hospitality of Kerala are great, this has been using as a marketing strategy to explore the prospects of tourism in Kerala (Sunderland, S., Nelson, R. (1995), pp. 53-74). This interest of the people to get mixed with the local culture of the people help in making rural tourism so popular in Kerala (Hofstede, G. (2001), pp. 34-45). These will be described in detail in the research work. Definitions of Homestay Tourism It is comparable to bed and breakfasts, but even less formal. A home stay property is a non commercialized, private residence that accommodates paying guest(s) who enjoy staying in the comfort and security of a family home. These guests often reside in the family home for an extended period of time, usually months rather than days. It is a safe, affordable means of housing popular amongst international students, interns, travelling professionals and adult visitors from other countries, who are looking to experience and learn about local lifestyle and culture [cited on: onecaribbean.org] Homestay is one type of tourism that promotes interaction between host families and tourists [cited on: mekongtourism.org] Homestay tourism refers to one pattern of tourism with emphasis on ecotourism and community based tourism, in which tourists will stay over night with the host in the villages. The hosts have to support visitors like a member of the family and involve them in all kinds of activities and shared experiences. These activities have the objective of learning about locals life style and livelihood of residents in the community [Phonwiset, Yomsatharn, Chusakul 2008 cited on: nubkk.nu.ac].

Propaganda and Its Effect on America Essay -- Advertising Advertisemen

Propaganda and Its Effect on America Thesis: Propaganda was a tool that leaders used to get people involved in wars of the past. Propaganda, a term that only reminds people of corruption and manipulation. Others, it reminds of advertising and raising American spirit. Well, they are both right. [â€Å"Propaganda† Pg. 1, sec.1]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Propaganda is a specific type of message presentation aimed at serving an agenda. At its root, propaganda is to propagate (spread around) a certain position or point of view, rather than just reporting the facts. Most propaganda is associated with politics or war time. It is used to help unite countries, especially the U.S. in the past. [Pg. 1, sec. 1] Most propaganda that people have heard of came from World War II in Nazi, Germany. They would be surprised to learn that the U.S. has done the same thing in the past. [Pg. 1, sec. 1]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before World War I, uninterrupted public support was thought to be critical to all the wartime effort. In 1917, Wilson created the War Aims Committee on Public Information (CPI) to promote World War One Nationally, while advertising America overseas. Under the guidance of a journalist named Creel, the CPI gathered people from different aspects all over the world. The CPI mixed advertising techniques with a refined understanding of human psychology; its efforts represent the first time that a modern government distributed propaganda on such a large scale. It is intriguing that this occurrence, often linked with totalitarianism, emerged in a democratic state. [Pg. 1, sec. 14] Also, being that video was more popular than written propaganda, they begin to make videos. One propaganda video I came across was of an American citizen pretending to be a Japanese man in a very racially discriminating way. The man was obviously a fake Japanese man who was made to look Japanese by using stereotypes and donning a very obviously fake Japanese accent. [â€Å"My Japan† Pg. 2, sec. 2]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The video went on to try and convince Americans at home that Japan was to strong and formidable opponent in the war using Japanese newsreels. By using stereotypes and fear (see â€Å"Types of Propaganda†), America was trying to get America to accept their idea that the war was a good thing. [Pg. 2, sec. 2] Yet another example would be around Pearl Harbor. Right after Pearl Harbor, propaganda helped unite people in ... ...I. They were also a measure to manage inflation by removing money from the economy heated up by war efforts. [Pg. 1] By the end of WWII, over 85 million Americans had invested in war bonds, a number unmatched by any other country; and most of the credit can be given to propaganda. If a country had a mass of supporters it has a better chance of winning then a country that has to fight with only government funding and no supporters. Frankly, it would be a whole easier to strike fear into another country if you have more supporters to go along with a large army of well-trained soldiers. [Pg. 2]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To some people, the only reason we won any war was because of propaganda. They might also consider it sad that we had to manipulate America in order to get support, of course, that is their opinion. Maybe it wasn’t more of manipulation; maybe propaganda could be considered a â€Å"push† rather than a total brainwash. The U.S. is a democracy, and the survival of democracy depends on the ability of people to make decisions based on information; propaganda would be an easy and efficient way to get people this information and therefore give them the choice to support an idea or not. [ Rooij 2]

Music of the 20th Century Essay

In this history of music and arts, every period has its own characteristic style which is associated with the society from which it originated. The period of the 19th and 20th century perceived the two world wars, and had been a period of many changes: advancement in technology, a period of many inventions such as the telephone, television, electronic light, computers, cassette tapes, synthesizers, CD players, and many others. Because of this inventions, experimentations were made in the field of music and arts. Claude Debussy (1862-1918) He studied with Guiraud and others at the Paris Conservatoire and as prizewinner went to Rome, though more important Impressions came from his visits to Bayreuth and from hearing Javaneese music in Paris. Debussy and Impressionism The Impressionist style of painting developed in the late 19th century in France. Although the Impressionist movement did not exclusively consist of French artists, it did start in France and the French painters are among the most well-known. Several earlier artistic movements, such as Classicism and Realism, influenced the Impressionist painters. In 1855, a World Fair was held in Paris, and art was given significant attention. This contributed to Paris’ reputation as the center of the art world and the place to be for aspiring painters, such as the group that would come to be known as the Impressionists. Impressionism is a style borrowed from painting which creates an illusion of light and atmosphere by using colors side by side instead of blending them. The artist avoids realism in favor of conveying impressions. Nocturnes Achille-Claude Debussy, 1862-1918, Nocturnes. Completed December 15, 1899 (at 3 a.m., according to an inscription on the manuscript), first performance October 27, 1901, in Paris. Scored for 3 flutes, 2 oboes, English horn, 2 clarinets, 3 bassoons, 4 horns, 3 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba, cymbals, snare drums, tympani, 2 harps, female chorus, and strings. 1. Nuages- (Clouds) Debussy pictures the sky with slow and melancholy passages of clouds. The warmth of Nuages recalls a summer love affair. 2. Fetes- (Festivals) is a restrained yet joyous celebration, the sort that generates lifelong memories without ever disturbing the neighbors. 3. Sirenes- (Sirens) builds on a simple two-note motives to seduce the listeners into Debussy’s river, just as dangerously as the mythological beauties who have lured innumerable sailors to their doom over the centuries. The Music of Bela Bartok Bela Bartok (1881-1945), a Hungarian, is considered a famous progressive modern musical composer, a great pianist, teacher and researcher. He was one of the leaders of Hungarian nationalism and made use of the Hungarian folk tunes in his music. Just like Stravinsky, he was one of the composers who belonged to the movement of Neo-Classicism: a return to the simplicity of Classicism and combining of modern sound with classic form. His style is characterized by rhythms which are percussive and intricate because of the influence of the Hungarian dance patterns. He used polyrhythm, which means using two or more different rhythms played at the same time. In some of his compositions like â€Å"Six Dances in Bulgarian Rhythm, no.1†, you will notice the irregular grouping of beats. Polytonality, which is the simultaneous combination of two or more tonalities in a composition, can also be found in Bartok’s compositions. Antonio Molina and Impressionism Dr. Antonio Molina (1894-1980) was one of the 20th century composers who wrote art music. He was considered the â€Å"Claude Debussy of the Philippines† because he was the first to introduce several important devices, technically characteristics of impressionism in music. One of Molina’s popularly known, compositions is â€Å"Hatinggabi†. Another composition of Molina is â€Å"Dancing Fool†. In this composition, he made use of the whole tone scale and used it as a descriptive device. Schoenberg and Expressionism Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951) Austrian composer, Schoenberg’s development of the twelve-tone method of composition was a turning point in the 20th century music. He was a self taught musician. Another philosophy of art which affected the music of the 20th century is expressionism. It is a style which seeks to express emotion with exaggerations rather than represent the physical world. The followers of the movement believe that this world is full of tension, and people are irrational, rebellious and scared to be alone. Expressionism Many of the 20th music reflects an artistic movement called expressionism, which stress intense and subjective emotion. Painters, writers, and composers explored inner feelings rather than depicting outward appearances. The expressionists rejected conventional prettiness. Arnold Schoenberg was known for the radical sound of his music. In this song cycle, â€Å"Pierrot Lunaire†, he made use of different style of singing which is called Sprechstimme. Pierrot Lunaire calls for unusual style of vocal performance halfway between speaking and singing. Sprechstimme Literally it means speech voice. It is a manner of performing a song which sounds half-sung and half-spoken. Multimeter is identified, by the time signature, a fractional symbol in which the numerator specifies the number of beats per bar, and the denominator specifies the relative note value assigned to one beat. Syncopation (Accent) the suppression of an expected rhythmic accent by the continuation of an accented tone that begins just before it. The Music of Stravinsky Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971) A Russian composer, later of French (1934) and American nationality. Stravinsky was regarded as the world’s greatest composer. His once revolutionary works were modern classics. Like Debussy and Schoenberg, Stravinsky a composer from Russia, was also one of the 20th century composers who established new trends in music, instead of just using the new trends in his music, he combined the traditional and modern trends. Electronic Music Music that requires knowledge or use of electronic devices to produce or manipulate sounds during its composition and performances. With the advancement in technology, many composers are experimenting new sound sources such as electronic, environmental and other non-tonal sound. Traditional instruments are used but in different way. Even computers, cassette tape recorders, and synthesizers are used. Concrete Music Music created by reworking natural sounds recorded on discs or tapes. Filipino Contemporary Composer Nicanor Abelardo (1893-1934)- Our foremost Kundiman composer also showed the elements of modernism in his music. This is heard in his â€Å"Cinderella Overture† and â€Å"Sinfonietta for Strings† Dr. Lucrecia Kasilag (1918-)- Neo-classicist. The music of Kasilag is unique in which she was able to combine the music of the east and west. This is shown in her Tocatta (1958) were she made used of the piano, clarinet, oboe kulintang and turiray. The Kuiliontang is very prominent in her â€Å"Concert Divertisement†. Dr. Jose Maceda (1917-)- is the pioneer and exponent of avant-garde music in our country. When he was in France, he joined the Music Concrete movement. An example of his work is â€Å"Ugnayan†(1974). Most of Maceda’s composition make use of a large number of people and the environment. Dr.Ramon Santos (1941-)- Another way of combining western and non-western materials and structures is shown by Dr. Ramon Santos. He made use of Asian material in his new way of composing. We will hear in his composition new concept and system of composing which he learned from his studies abroad. At present there is a group of young composers who are active in promoting this so called New Music. Some of them are Ryan Cayabyab, Chino Toledo, Laverne Dela Pena, Arlene Chongson,and Jonas Baes.

Genetic Engineering and the Law Essay

To understand the ethical implications of genetic engineering, we must first understand what genetic engineering is. Genes are units that code for specific characteristics. Such characteristics are hair and eye colour and we inherit these from our parents. It is chromosomes in the cell nuclei than enable your body to inherit features or, more specifically, it is the DNA that makes up the chromosomes that forms a unique genetic code for every human being (apart from identical twins). It is estimated that the human body has around 50,000 to 100,000 different genes contained inside, some of which have been linked to certain diseases. Scientists claim to have identified 4,000 conditions that are linked to just one fault or defect in a persons genetic makeup, which is where genetic engineering comes in. At present a project is taking place to identify the function of every gene in the human body. ‘The Human Genome Project’ aims to uncover the cause for many diseases and find a cure for them. One such way, is genetic engineering. Genetic engineering, as a cure for disease, is the removal of a defective gene sequence and the remodelling of it. But this isn’t the only definition given for genetic engineering. Compassion in World Farming describes it as ‘the taking of genes from one species of plant or animal and inserting them into a completely different species’. It is obvious, therefore, that genetic engineering is used for different things, in different situations. In this essay I will look at some of the varying uses genetic engineering has in today’s world and the ethical implications of such uses. Genetic Engineering and the Law At present human cloning is illegal in the UK, although there are many countries were such a law does not exist. And although, technically, it may be possible to clone humans in the way animals have been, the Act of Parliament strictly forbids ‘ever doing with human eggs what we have done with sheep eggs’ Dr Ron James Head of PPL Therapeutics. Nor are scientists allowed to mass produce human eggs for in-vitro fertilisation- something that many scientists have been pushing for for years. Genetically modified crops are also strictly controlled by the law. Such UK laws include: The Genetically Modified Organisms (Contained Use) Regulations 1992 and The Genetically Modified Organisms (Deliberate Release) Regulations 1992. These laws are in addition to the standard For Safety Act which specifies that food ‘must be fit for consumption’. Several government bodies have been set up to assess and regulate GM foods including ACNFP, COT, FAC and, the most important, The Department of Environment. The DOE requires tat anyone proposing a release must apply to them for consent first. It is then advised by the Advisory Committee on Release to the Environment on the granting of consents. At a European level, the Regulation on Novel Foods and Food Ingredients was introduced in May 1997 and covers labelling of foods ‘no longer equivalent’ to it’s conventional counterparts. But despite the introduction of laws, many people are still unhappy, and are pushing for further action. For example the CIWF believe GM meat should be clearly labelled, although they also say it should not be sold in the first place. They see the genetic engineering of farm animals for food as cruel and unnecessary. But the question remains: are they right? Few people know the implications of genetic engineering and what it really involves and many are ignorant of what to expect from GM. Genetic Engineering and Animals/ Humans Everyone knows the story of the first cloned animal. The Finn Dorset sheep, known as Dolly, was the first new-born mammal to be cloned from adult cells and is a miracle for scientists the world over. She had opened many new windows of opportunity for scientists who hope to soon be able to clone humans using the same technology. The possibilities really are endless. A single cell from an elite racehorse could be used to create hundreds of identical copies, each with the same elite genetic makeup. However pleasing this heady new discovery is, there is a widespread argument over whether or not cloning is right. Is it simply a wonderful new way to develop a generation of disease-free animals and humans or is it tampering with nature and playing God? Many people see it as the answer to all problems, that screening can reveal vital information about a person’s life span and health future. Genetic engineering could, in theory, identify genetic defects early on, giving time to replace the faulty gene and cure the sufferer. Predicting disease is a major use for genetic engineering and one that could change the way we live forever. At present scientist are working on a genetic test known as the GeneChip. They claim in a few years doctors will be able to take a simple mouth swab and, using the GeneChip, look through your DNA for disease prospects. Although they have come under fire from their critics, geneticists argue that anyone is entitled to know what their future holds for the health-wise. Indeed they say the information can be vital for planning out the rest of your life if, for example, you are a woman with a likelihood to develop breast cancer. Pre-natal diagnosis is also another option that could soon be open to the public. Parents could be made aware of any flaws there may be in their child’s DNA and could decide whether or not to carry on with the pregnancy. Genetic engineering could also be used to grow substances like human insulin and growth hormone on a huge level. Currently scientists are looking at introducing blood-clotting genes for haemophiliacs and purifying milk from GM sheep for the treatment of cystic fibrosis. They are also hoping to study presently incurable diseases in the hope they might be able to introduce a cure using genetic engineering. There are also high hopes for animals in genetic engineering. Transgenic animals (or those that have been given a gene from another animal) have many uses. They can produce more meat and milk, feeding the starving, and they can grow faster, with the possibility of less fatty meat. They can be bred to resist disease, but also develop disease so they might be tested on for further research. A biotechnology firm in Cambridge is working on a transgensic pig that could be bred to grow desperately needed organs for transplant into human beings. The technique can also be used to ‘knock out genes’, deleting proteins so that they might prevent BSE in cows. But it isn’t all good news for genetic engineering, in fact there is a lengthy and strong argument as to why it is dangerous to go to take it to these levels. Many have disagreed with the predicting of disease, saying that many people may not be able to cope with the knowledge that they may contract a terminal disease- it could ruin lives. Also there has been widespread outcry over the Association of Insurance Brokers’ announcement that it will not offer life insurance over i 100,100 to anyone who had taken a genetic test that had predicted fatal disease and since 1995 there has been pressure form MP’s to develop a code of practise concerning genetic screening. There are also fears of employers discriminating against potential employees who have the potential for life threatening illness in later life. Although scientists hope genetic engineering will provide many choices for parents, the BMA has voiced it’s concerns that the industry will cause ‘selective breeding’ or the choice to abort a baby because of undesirable characteristics such as physical traits. The BMA have also said people have been mislead about the power to screen for later abnormalities. It says ‘The number of abnormalities which can be detected in this way is limited and few of the tests are conclusive’. The problem many people have with genetic engineering is the risk of error that is involved. Screening is complex and it is difficult to be precise every time. Faulty diagnosis could put an end to job prospects or insurance benefits, not to mention the psychological problems arising from finding out you have the potential to contract a fatal disease.